Ayoyi a cikin halitta: karanta ayoyin tare da kimiyya

Alƙur'ani yana ci gaba da roƙon mu mu duba. Ga raƙumi, da yadda aka halicce shi. Ga sama, da yadda aka ɗaukaka ta. Ga duwatsu, da yadda aka kafa su. Ga ƙasa, da yadda aka shimfiɗa ta (Alƙur'ani 88:17–20). Waɗannan ba tambayoyin tarko ba ne. Gayyata ce ta lura da abin da Allah ya yi, da barin lura ta zama godiya.

A yau za mu iya duba nesa fiye da kowane zamani da ya gabace mu, da na'urorin hangen nesa, na'urorin hangen ƙanana da radar. Wannan rubutun yana karanta 'yan ayoyi game da halitta tare da abin da kimiyya ta tabbatar game da abubuwa iri ɗaya: ruwa da rayuwa, sama mai faɗaɗa, duwatsu, kudan zuma, da dabino. Yana kuma bayyana a fili abin da kimiyya ba ta nuna ba, kuma yana ƙarewa da dalilin da yasa Awwab yake guje wa da'awowin “mu'ujizar kimiyya” da gangan.

Yadda ake karanta aya

Kalmar Larabci āyah tana nufin duka aya ta Alƙur'ani da alama a cikin duniya. Alƙur'ani ya ajiye su biyun gefe da gefe da gangan:

Aya ta gaba ta bayyana waɗannan mutane: suna ambaton Allah a tsaye, a zaune da a kwance, kuma suna tunani kan halitta suna cewa, “Ubangijinmu, ba Ka halicci wannan a banza ba.” Manufar dubawa ita ce wannan jumla ta ƙarshe. Alƙur'ani ya kira kansa shiriya (Alƙur'ani 2:2), ba littafin koyon ilimin ƙirƙira (physics) ba, kuma ayoyinsa suna nuna abin da ya fi su.

Kimiyya wani nau'in ilimi ne daban. Tana da kulawa, ana iya gwada ta kuma koyaushe a buɗe take ga gyara; kyakkyawar ka'ida a yau za a iya gyara ta ko a maye gurbinta gobe. Don haka a dukan wannan rubutun, aya ce take zuwa da farko, ana ba da karatun malaman da cikin gaskiya, kuma kimiyya tana tsaye a gefenta a matsayin tunani, ba a matsayin hujjar da ayar take buƙata ba.

Ruwa da kowane abu mai rai

Rabi na biyu na ayar yana ɗaya daga cikin jumloli mafi daidai a natse da za a iya faɗa game da ilimin halittu. Masana ilimin rayuwa a sararin samaniya na NASA suna bayyana ruwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman buƙatun dukkan rayuwa kamar yadda muka san ta a duniya. A cikinmu, ruwa shi ne ƙwayar halitta mafi yawa a cikin ƙwayoyin jikinmu, yana kai kusan kashi 70 ko fiye na nauyin ƙwayar jiki, shi ne muhallin da sinadaran rayuwa suke gudana a cikinsa (Cooper, The Cell). Babu wani abu mai rai da muka sani da ya rabu da shi.

Rabi na farko yana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa. Masu tafsiri na da sun ba da karatu fiye da ɗaya game da sammai da ƙasa da suka kasance “a rufe” sannan aka “raba” su. Ɗaya, wanda aka ruwaito daga Ibn ʿAbbās, shi ne cewa a da sun kasance haɗe sannan aka raba su. Wani, wanda shi ma aka ruwaito daga magabata na farko, shi ne cewa sama ta kasance a rufe ba ta saukar da ruwan sama, ƙasa kuma a rufe ba ta tsirar da komai, har Allah ya buɗe ɗaya da ruwan sama ɗayar kuma da tsirrai, wanda ya dace da juyawar ayar zuwa ga ruwa. Ibn Kathīr ya rubuta dukkansu biyun. Masu karatu da yawa na zamani suna jin amon Big Bang, hoton kimiyya na sararin samaniyar da ta fara da zafi da cunkoso kusan shekaru biliyan 13.8 da suka wuce (Planck Collaboration, 2020). Wannan amon gaskiya ne gwargwadon da za a yi tunani a kansa, amma ayar ba ta bayyana ilimin ƙirƙirar ba, kuma bai kamata mu yi kamar tana yi ba.

Sama mai faɗaɗa

Kalmar mabuɗi ita ce mūsiʿūn, daga tushen da ke nufin faɗi, yalwa da iyawa. Ana iya karanta ta da “Mu ne masu sanya ta yalwatacciya” ko “masu ci gaba da faɗaɗa ta”, kuma ana iya karanta ta daidai da “Mu masu yalwar iko ne” ko “Muna bayarwa da yawa”. Malamai na da da yawa sun ɗauke ta da waɗannan ma'anoni na iko da karamci. Kalmar tana ɗauke da ma'anoni da dama lokaci ɗaya, kuma karatu na gaskiya yana riƙe dukkansu.

A 1929 Edwin Hubble ya nuna cewa taurari masu nisa (galaxies) suna ƙauracewa daga gare mu, da sauri gwargwadon nisansu (Hubble, 1929), shaidar kallo ta farko mai ƙarfi cewa sararin samaniya yana faɗaɗa. A 1998 da 1999 ƙungiyoyi biyu da suke nazarin taurari masu fashewa masu nisa sun gano cewa wannan faɗaɗa yana ƙara sauri (Riess da abokan aikinsa, 1998; Perlmutter da abokan aikinsa, 1999), aikin da aka girmama da Kyautar Nobel ta Physics ta 2011. Idan mumini ya karanta “kuma lalle Mu ne masu yalwata ta” bayan ya koyi wannan, jituwar tana taɓa zuciya. Duk da haka jituwa ce kawai. Ayar tana gayyatar mamaki ga girman abin da Allah ya gina; ba takardar binciken ilimin sararin samaniya ba ce, kuma ba ta buƙatar zama haka.

Aya ce take zuwa da farko. Kimiyya tana tsaye a gefenta, a matsayin tunani, ba a matsayin hujjar da ayar take buƙata ba.

Duwatsu da aka kafa

Alƙur'ani ya tambaya, “Shin ba Mu sanya ƙasa shimfiɗa ba, da duwatsu turaku?” (Alƙur'ani 78:6–7), kuma ya ce an kafa duwatsu sosai a kan ƙasa don kada ta karkata da mutane (Alƙur'ani 16:15). Turke galibi a ɓoye yake: ƙaramin ɓangare ne ke bayyana, sauran kuma yana riƙewa daga ƙasa.

Ilimin ƙasa (geology) yana da nasa irin wannan hoton. A 1855 masanin taurari George Airy ya bayyana wani abu mai rikitarwa a ma'aunin bincike ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa manyan jerin duwatsu suna tsaye ne a kan “saiwoyi” masu zurfi na ɓawon ƙasa mai sauƙi, suna yawo a cikin dutse mai nauyi da ke ƙarƙashinsu, kamar yadda ƙanƙara mai iyo take yawo da yawancin jikinta a ƙarƙashin ruwa (Airy, 1855). Wannan daidaito, wanda ake kira isostasy, yanzu tunani ne na asali a ilimin ƙasa: manyan jerin duwatsu suna tsaye a kan ɓawon ƙasa da ya fi matsakaici kauri nesa ba kusa ba.

Ga iyaka ta gaskiya. Za ku yawan karanta cewa duwatsu suna “hana girgizar ƙasa”. Ba sa hanawa. Jerin duwatsu suna tasowa ne ta hanyar karon faranti na ƙasa a hankali, wanda shi ne ke haddasa girgizar ƙasa, don haka ba ma maimaita wannan da'awa. Hoton turaku ya dace; sauran wuce gona da iri ne.

Kudan zuma

Gaba ɗayan sura, an-Naḥl, an sanya mata sunan kudan zuma, kuma ayoyi biyu daga cikinta sun bayyana rayuwarta:

Bayanai da dama sun dace da kyau da abin da masana ilimin ƙwari suka sani.

• Ma'aikatan mata ne. A cikin gidan kudan zuma, ƙudajen da suke gina saƙar zuma, suke kula da ƙanana kuma suke fita neman abinci dukkansu ma'aikata mata ne (USDA). Fi'ilolin da aka yi wa kudan zuma magana da su a cikin waɗannan ayoyi siffar mace ce. Nahawun Larabci zai iya bayyana hakan da sunan jam'i kaɗai, don haka ba hujja ba ne ga komai, amma dacewa ce mai kyau.
• Hanyoyin da aka sauƙaƙa. Mai neman abinci da ta sami furanni masu kyau tana komawa ta yi “rawar girgiza” (waggle dance) da ke gaya wa 'yan uwanta alƙibla da nisan abincin, binciken da Karl von Frisch ya raba Kyautar Nobel ta 1973 saboda shi. Bibiyar ƙudan zuma da radar daga baya ta tabbatar cewa sabbin masu nema suna tashi kai tsaye zuwa wurin da rawar ta bayyana (Riley da abokan aikinsa, 2005).
• Daga cikkunansu, da launuka daban-daban. Ƙudan zuma suna ɗaukar ruwan fure gida a cikin cikin zuma, kuma a cikin gidan suna miƙa shi ga juna, suna ƙara masa sinadarai (enzymes) kuma suna busar da ruwansa har ya zama zuma (Seeley, 1995). Launinta, ɗanɗanonta da sinadaranta suna bambanta gwargwadon furannin da ruwan fure ya fito daga gare su (da Silva da abokan aikinsa, 2016).

Kuma “waraka ga mutane”? Akwai shaida ta gaske, kuma tana da iyakoki. Wani nazari na Cochrane ya gano cewa zuma wataƙila tana sauƙaƙa alamomin tari na yara fiye da rashin magani ko placebo, yayin da ba ta yin bambanci sosai idan aka kwatanta da wani maganin tari da aka saba (Oduwole da abokan aikinsa, 2018). Wani kuma ya gano cewa da alama zuma tana warkar da ƙunar da ba ta kai zurfi sosai ba da sauri fiye da wasu ɗaurin rauni na yau da kullum, amma ya ɗauki yawancin shaidar a matsayin mai ƙarancin inganci (Jull da abokan aikinsa, 2015). Zuma ba maganin komai ba ce, kuma kada a taɓa ba jariran da ba su kai watanni 12 ba, saboda haɗarin cutar botulism ta jarirai (NHS).

Wata rana Annabi ﷺ ya ce wa wani mutum wanda ɗan'uwansa yake fama da ciwon ciki ya ba shi zuma. Mutumin ya dawo fiye da sau ɗaya yana cewa bai taimaka ba, sai Annabi ﷺ ya amsa cewa Allah ya faɗi gaskiya, cikin ɗan'uwansa ne ke da laifi; ya sake ba shi zuma, sai ya warke (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5684, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2217). Malamai suna karanta wannan a matsayin darasi na dogaro da juriya, ba a matsayin ƙa'idar likitanci ba, kuma ba ya maye gurbin ganin likita.

Dabino da iskar da ke barbaɗawa

Alƙur'ani ya ce, “Kuma Muna aiko iska masu barbaɗawa” (Alƙur'ani 15:22). Ibn Kathīr ya bayyana kalmar da iskar da ke sa gajimare ya yi nauyi da ruwan sama kuma take sa bishiyoyi su yi toho su yi 'ya'ya. Masana ilimin tsirrai a yau sun san cewa tsirrai da yawa, daga ciyawa zuwa bishiyoyi masu yawan gaske, suna dogara ga iska don ɗaukar ƙurar furensu (Ackerman, 2000).

Dabino lamari ne na musamman. Yana da bishiyoyi maza da mata daban-daban (Chao and Krueger, 2007), kuma manoma tun da daɗewa suna ɗaukar ƙurar fure daga furannin maza zuwa na mata da hannu, domin dogaro ga iska kaɗai yana kawo ƙarancin girbi (FAO). Mutanen Madina suna yin daidai haka lokacin da Annabi ﷺ ya wuce. Ya ce bai ga cewa yana amfani ba, sai suka daina, kuma a wannan shekarar girbin ya yi ƙasa. Da suka gaya masa, ya ce, “Ku kuka fi sanin al'amuran duniyarku” (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2363). A wata ruwaya ya bayyana: idan ya yi umarni da wani abu na addini, a ɗauka; idan ya yi magana daga ra'ayinsa, shi ɗan Adam ne kawai (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2362).

Wannan gajeriyar ruwaya tana ɗaya daga cikin darussa mafi bayyana a kan wannan batu gaba ɗaya. Wahayi yana shiryar da mu a imani da ibada; yadda ake barbaɗa dabino kuma ana koyonsa ta hanyar lura da gogewa. Annabi ﷺ kansa ne ya zana layin, kuma ya yi haka cikin tawali'u.

Abin da kimiyya za ta iya nunawa da wanda ba za ta iya ba

Kimiyya tana da kyau sosai wajen gaya mana yadda abubuwa suke aiki: yadda taurari masu nisa suke ƙaura da sauri, yadda kudan zuma take gaya wa 'yan uwanta inda furanni suke. Ba a tsara ta don gaya mana dalilin da yasa akwai sararin samaniya kwata-kwata ba, ko wane ne yake bayansa, ko me muke bi a madadin haka. Waɗannan su ne tambayoyin da Alƙur'ani yake yi. Allah ya ce zai nuna wa mutane ayoyinsa a sasannin duniya da cikin kansu har ya bayyana gare su cewa shi ne gaskiya (Alƙur'ani 41:53). Aya na iya zurfafa imanin da ya riga yana dubawa. Ba a taɓa nufin ta zama sakamakon ɗakin gwaje-gwaje da zai tilasta imani ba.

Dalilin da yasa Awwab yake guje wa zuzuta da'awar “mu'ujiza”

Shahararrun bidiyo sukan wuce abin da wannan rubutun yake yi, su ce wata aya ta “yi hasashen” wani bincike. Mu ba ma yi, saboda dalilai huɗu.

• An yi umarni da gaskiya. Alƙur'ani ya hana bin abin da ba mu da ilimi a kansa (Alƙur'ani 17:36). Cewa aya ta “tabbatar” da wata ka'ida da'awa ce ta fiye da abin da muka sani.
• Kimiyya tana canzawa. Idan aka ɗaure imani da ka'idar yau, zai kasance a fallasa idan aka gyara ka'idar. Ayoyin ba sa buƙatar wannan haɗari.
• Da'awowi marasa ƙarfi suna lalata amana. Idan mai karatu mai ilimi ya ga zuzuta ɗaya, yana daina amincewa da sauran, har da abin da yake gaskiya.
• Yana karkatar da manufar Alƙur'ani. Alƙur'ani shiriya ne. Ayoyinsa suna nan don mayar da mutane ga Allah, ba don cin muhawara ba.

Don haka wasan Ilimi da Katunan Shiriya na Awwab suna barin da'awowi kamar ilimin halittar ɗan tayi a Alƙur'ani da ake gabatarwa a matsayin hujjar kimiyya, wanda ake jayayya a kansa a fagen ilimi (Bigliardi, 2017), tunanin cewa duwatsu suna hana girgizar ƙasa, ko cewa “teku biyu” na 55:19–20 ba sa taɓa cakuɗuwa. Suna kuma barin ilimin lambobi na camfi. Cikakken tsarin yana cikin Inganci a koyaushe, kuma ainihin lambobin wahayi suna cikin Lambobi a cikin Alƙur'ani da Sunnah. Abin da ya rage har yanzu ya isa ya cika rayuwar dubawa gaba ɗaya.

Tambayoyin da aka fi yi

Tushe

Nassoshin Alƙur'ani suna buɗe ayar a quran.com, nassoshin hadisi kuma suna buɗe ruwayar a sunnah.com, inda za ku iya karanta cikakken rubutun. Malaman hadisi sun karɓi ruwayoyin da ke cikin Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim a matsayin ingantattu; ga sauran littattafai, an ba da darajar hadisin a gefen nassin.

1. Alƙur'ani 88:17–20: ku duba raƙumi, sama, duwatsu da ƙasa.
2. Alƙur'ani 3:190–191: ayoyi a cikin halitta ga ma'abota hankali.
3. Alƙur'ani 2:2: Littafi a matsayin shiriya.
4. Alƙur'ani 21:30: sammai da ƙasa da aka raba, da kowane abu mai rai da aka yi daga ruwa.
5. Alƙur'ani 51:47: sama da aka gina da ƙarfi, aka kuma yalwata ta.
6. Alƙur'ani 78:6–7 da 16:15: duwatsu a matsayin turaku, an kafa su don kada ƙasa ta karkata.
7. Alƙur'ani 16:68–69: kudan zuma, da abin sha mai launuka daban-daban daga cikkunansu.
8. Alƙur'ani 15:22: iska masu barbaɗawa.
9. Alƙur'ani 41:53 da 17:36: ayoyi a sasannin duniya da cikin kai; rashin bin abin da ba mu da ilimi a kansa.
10. Alƙur'ani 55:19–20: teku biyu da shamakin da ke tsakaninsu.
11. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5684 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2217: zuma ga mutumin da yake da ciwon ciki.
12. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2362 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2363: dabino: “ku kuka fi sanin al'amuran duniyarku”.
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