Wasan tambayoyi game da addini yana ɗauke da nauyin da tambayoyin yau da kullum ba su da shi: idan ya koyar da ƙarya, yana yin ɓarna ta gaske. Don haka mun sanya ƙa'ida ɗaya sama da kowace: idan akwai shakka, a bar shi.
Wasan Ilimi na Awwab yana da tambayoyi 1,502 a cikin jigogi goma sha uku, daga aƙida da Alƙur'ani zuwa annabawa, rayuwar Annabi ﷺ, Sahabbai, tarihin Musulunci, ibada, Sunayen Allah 99 da ayoyin halitta. A gefensa akwai Katunan Shiriya 876 da ke sake ba da labarin rayuwar annabawa, bayyana Sunayen Allah da tattara ingantattun addu'o'i, kati ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Dukkansu kyauta ne a wannan shafin yanar gizo cikin harsuna 14, waɗanda aka fara rubuta su da Turanci da Larabci. Wannan faɗin ba shi da amfani sai idan za a iya amincewa da kowace amsa. Wannan rubutun yana bayyana ƙa'idodin da muke riƙe kanmu da su, dalilin da yasa muke riƙe su, da abin da muka bari saboda su.
Dalilin da yasa wasan tambayoyi yake buƙatar tsari
Alƙur'ani ya fito fili game da magana ba tare da ilimi ba. Yana gaya mana kada mu bi abin da ba mu da ilimi a kansa, domin ji, gani da zukatanmu kowanne za a tambaye shi game da shi (Alƙur'ani 17:36). Yana kuma gaya wa muminai su tabbatar da labari kafin su yi aiki da shi (Alƙur'ani 49:6). Annabi ﷺ ya ce “ya isa mutum ƙarya ya riƙa faɗin duk abin da ya ji” (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 4992, al-Albānī ya ce ṣaḥīḥ ne), kuma ya yi gargaɗi mafi tsanani game da jingina masa abin da bai faɗa ba da gangan (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 110).
Wasan tambayoyi tamkar inji ne na yaɗa abubuwa. Kowace tambaya ƙaramar da'awa ce da ake maimaitawa ga dubban mutane, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu za su tuna amsar su maimaita ta a wurin cin abinci ko a cikin rukunin hira. Idan amsa ɗaya ba daidai ba ce, kuskuren ba ya zama a cikin manhajar; yana yawo. Shi ya sa aka rubuta manufar samo tushen wasan, ta zama wajibi a kan kowace tambaya da kowane kati, kuma ta fi tsauri nesa ba kusa ba fiye da abin da manhajar tambayoyi ta yau da kullum za ta buƙata.
Ƙofa ta farko: kowane hadisi ṣaḥīḥ ne ko ḥasan
Malaman hadisi suna auna ruwaya ta hanyar sanadinta da matanta. Hadisi ṣaḥīḥ (ingantacce) yana da sanadi marar yankewa na masu ruwaya amintattu kuma masu kiyayewa, ba ya saɓa wa ruwayoyi mafiya ƙarfi, kuma ba shi da wata ɓoyayyiyar illa. Hadisi ḥasan (mai kyau) ya cika sharuɗɗa iri ɗaya, amma kiyayewar masu ruwayarsa ta ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan. Dukkansu ana karɓar su a matsayin hujja. Ruwaya ḍaʿīf (mai rauni) ta gaza cika ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗa, ita kuma mawḍūʿ ƙirƙirarriya ce.
Awwab yana amfani da biyun farko kaɗai. Kowane hadisi a cikin rumbun yana rubuta littafinsa, lambarsa, darajarsa, wanda ya auna shi, da hanyar haɗi zuwa sunnah.com don ku karanta shi da kanku. Ruwayoyin da ke cikin Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim duka su ne mataki mafi ƙarfi. Ga sauran littattafai muna dogara ga hukuncin sanannun malaman hadisi, kuma idan hadisi ḥasan ne, muna kiran sa ḥasan, ba ṣaḥīḥ ba.
Wannan ƙa'ida tana cire wasu maganganu da ake ƙauna. Maganar da ke cewa a nemi ilimi “ko da a ƙasar Sin ne” tana yawo ko'ina, amma masana hadisi sun ce tana da rauni sosai ko ma fiye da haka, don haka ba ta cikin Awwab. Ma'anar da ke bayanta tana nan a ingantacciyar siga: Annabi ﷺ ya ce duk wanda ya bi hanya yana neman ilimi, Allah zai sauƙaƙa masa hanya zuwa Aljanna (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2699). Wani lokaci lafazin da ya shahara mai rauni ne, alhali akwai siga amintacciya. Gajeriyar maganar “Aljanna tana ƙarƙashin ƙafafun iyaye mata” malamai da yawa sun ce tana da rauni a wannan siga, amma an gaya wa wani mutum da yake son fita yaƙi: “Ka zauna tare da ita, domin Aljanna tana ƙarƙashin ƙafafunta” (Sunan an-Nasāʾī 3104, an ce ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ ne). Idan haka ya faru, muna kawo sigar da za a iya bin diddiginta.
Ƙofa ta biyu: kowace da'awar kimiyya tana da tushe na gaske
Tambayoyin kimiyya su ne wurin da ya fi sauƙi a karkata zuwa ƙirƙirar tatsuniyoyi masu daɗi na abubuwan “mu'ujizar kimiyya”. Don haka abin kimiyya dole ne ya wuce ƙofofin biyu: aya ko hadisin dole ne su kasance ingantattu, kuma kimiyyar dole ne ta dogara ga takardar bincike da masana suka tantance ko sananniyar hukumar kimiyya kamar NASA ko WHO, tare da DOI ko hanyar haɗi ta hukuma. An fi son nazarce-nazarce na tsari (systematic reviews) da manyan gwaje-gwaje fiye da ƙaramin bincike guda. Idan babu tushe na gaske, ana ƙin abin. Ba ma taɓa ƙirƙira, ko yin hasashe, ko “cike” wani ambaton tushe.
Sannan sai yadda ake furta abin. Kimiyya tana canzawa yayin da shaida take ƙaruwa; Alƙur'ani ba ya canzawa. Don haka wasan yana gabatar da kimiyya a matsayin tunani a gefen aya, ba a matsayin hujjarta ba, kuma yana bayyana shaida yadda take: ana kiran alaƙa alaƙa, ana kuma kiran ƙaramin bincike na farko. Zuma misali ne mai kyau. Alƙur'ani ya ce akwai waraka a cikinta ga mutane (Alƙur'ani 16:69). Wani nazari na Cochrane ya gano cewa da alama zuma tana warkar da ƙunar da ba ta kai zurfi sosai ba (partial-thickness burns) da sauri fiye da wasu ɗaurin rauni na yau da kullum, yayin da ya ɗauki yawancin shaidar a matsayin mai ƙarancin inganci (Jull da abokan aikinsa, 2015). Abin da wasan yake faɗa ke nan. Ba ya cewa zuma tana warkar da komai.
Ƙa'idar gaskiya ga ayoyin Alƙur'ani
Yawancin shahararrun da'awowin “mu'ujiza” sun dogara ne ga sabon karatun wata aya wadda masu tafsiri na da suka fahimta da faɗi fiye da haka. Ba ma ɓoye hakan. Idan tambaya ta haɗa aya da wani binciken kimiyya, bayaninta yana kawo karatun malaman da ma, kuma ba ya taɓa cewa ayar ta “yi hasashen” kimiyyar. Misalai uku daga manufarmu:
- Duwatsu a matsayin turaku (Alƙur'ani 78:6–7). Manyan jerin duwatsu suna tsaye a kan saiwoyi masu zurfi na ɓawon ƙasa mai kauri. Ƙarin da ya shahara cewa duwatsu suna hana girgizar ƙasa ƙarya ne: motsin faranti na ƙasa da ke haddasa girgizar ƙasa shi ne ke ɗaga duwatsu, don haka ba ma taɓa maimaita shi.
- Shamaki tsakanin teku biyu (Alƙur'ani 55:19–20). Ruwaye masu bambancin gishiri da zafi da gaske suna yin layuka, amma waɗannan layukan suna cakuɗuwa bayan lokaci. Ba katanga ce a rufe ba, kuma ba ma bayyana su a matsayin haka.
- Sama mai faɗaɗa (Alƙur'ani 51:47). Faɗaɗar sararin samaniya kimiyya ce tabbatacciya, amma kalmar Larabcin tana iya nufin “Mu masu yalwar iko ne”, kuma malamai na da da yawa sun karanta ta haka. Alaƙar tunani ce, ba hujja ba.
Mun yi bayanin ƙarin irin waɗannan, aya bayan aya, a cikin Ayoyi a cikin halitta.
Ana barin da'awowin da ake jayayya a kansu ko marasa ƙarfi, ba a sassauta su ba. Ƙaramin rumbu da za mu iya tsayawa a bayansa ya fi babba da ba za mu iya ba.
Abin da muka bari
Kowace ƙa'ida tana da farashinta, kuma mun fi son mu nuna shi da mu ɓoye shi. An duba waɗannan da'awowi kuma an ƙi su da gangan, kuma an rubuta su don kada wani ya sake ƙara su bisa kuskure:
- Ilimin halittar ɗan tayi a Alƙur'ani a matsayin hujjar kimiyya. Ayoyin da ke kan matakan halittarmu (Alƙur'ani 23:12–14) sun cancanci a yi tunani a kansu, amma gabatar da su a matsayin mu'ujizar kimiyya ta zamani abu ne da ake jayayya a kansa a fagen ilimi (Bigliardi, 2017), don haka wasan ba ya yin haka.
- Da'awowin lafiya da aka rataya a kan ingantaccen hadisi. Hadisi yana iya zama ingantacciyar shiriya ko ladabi ba tare da ya zama da'awar likitanci ba. Annabi ﷺ ya hana shan ruwa a tsaye (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2024), kuma wannan koyarwa ingantacciya ce, amma babu shaidar binciken masana cewa shan ruwa a tsaye yana cutar da ƙoda, don haka ba ma taɓa haɗa su biyun.
- Kimiyyar ƙarya game da ibada. Da'awowi irin su sujada tana “fitar da wutar lantarki ta jiki (static electricity)” ba su da wata shaida ta gaske a bayansu. Inda irin wannan tatsuniya ta yaɗu, wasan yana da tambayar da ke faɗin haka a sarari.
- Zuzuta da'awa game da sallah. Bincike yana danganta sallah da tunani mai zurfi (meditation) da natsuwa da raguwar damuwa, kuma hakan ya cancanci a sani. Amma sallah ibada ce da farko. Wasan ba ya taɓa kiran ta maganin likitanci da aka tabbatar, kuma ba ya taɓa mai da kimiyya dalilin yin sallah.
- Ilimin lambobi na camfi. Tsare-tsaren da aka gina a kan ƙidayar kalmomi, ko a kan lamba goma sha tara, sun dogara ne ga zaɓar abin da za a ƙidaya da abin da za a tsallake. Ba hujja ba ne, kuma ba sa cikin Awwab. Ainihin lambobin wahayi sun isa abin sha'awa; duba Lambobi a cikin Alƙur'ani da Sunnah.
Inda malamai suka saɓa
Ba kowace tambaya ce take da amsa ɗaya da kowa ya karɓa ba. A fagen fiƙihu, mazhabobi huɗu na Sunna wani lokaci suna kaiwa ga ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tushe iri ɗaya, kuma ana girmama dukkansu. Inda malamai suka saɓa, tambaya ko dai ta tambayi abin da suka yarda a kansa, ko kuma ta ambaci saɓanin a gaskiya. Dhū l-Qarnayn misali ne: malamai sun saɓa kan ko annabi ne ko sarki ne nagari, kuma wasan yana faɗin haka maimakon ya zaɓa muku. Abubuwan da aka duba kuma aka tabbatar da su kaɗai ake wallafawa.
Kowace amsa tana nuna tushenta
Idan kuka amsa tambaya, ba daidai ko kuskure kaɗai kuke gani ba; kuna ganin dalili, tare da aya, hadisi ko takardar binciken da ta fito daga gare ta. Ana iya karanta ayoyin Alƙur'ani da Larabci da kuma jin karatunsu. Katunan Shiriya suna ɗauke da tushensu a bayansu. An gina wasan ne don koyarwa, don haka tushe yana tafiya tare da bayani. Da shigewar lokaci ba maki kaɗai kuke tarawa ba; kuna gina tunawa da inda ilimi yake fitowa da gaske.
Fassara bita ce ta biyu
Fassara tambayoyi 1,502 da katuna 876 zuwa ƙarin harsuna goma sha biyu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken da muke da shi, domin dole ne mai fassara ya fahimci kowace jumla daidai. Wannan karatu na kusa ya gano kurakurai na gaske a cikin Turanci da Larabci, kuma kowane gyara ya shiga kowane harshe. Wasu misalai: an gyara jerin abubuwan da suka faru a labarin Musa da al-Khiḍr zuwa jirgin ruwa, sannan yaron, sannan katangar (Alƙur'ani 18:71–82); wani kati yanzu yana cewa Yusufu ya yi hasashen sakin mai shayarwar sarki ne, ba shi ne ya sake shi ba (12:41–42); kuma yanzu ana bayyana hadisin dabino a matsayin game da barbaɗar dabino, wanda shi ne abin da ruwayar ta faɗa (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2361–2363). Mun kuma daina kiran wani wanda ya ci kyautar Nobel “Musulmi na farko” da ya ci ta, domin wannan lakabi yana ɗaukar ɓangare a wata tambaya game da al'ummarsa wadda malamai da ƙasashe suke amsawa daban-daban.
Ana kula da kalmomin da ake amfani da su ga Allah da irin wannan kulawa. Turanci yana amfani da “God”, Larabci yana amfani da الله, kuma kowane harshe yana amfani da kalmar da Musulmin da ke karanta shi suke amfani da ita.
An gina shi yadda ba za a ɓata shi a ɓoye ba
Rumbun tambayoyin yana bayan tsarin uwar garke (backend) da aka kulle. Sigar shafin yanar gizo ba ta taɓa aika amsoshi zuwa burauzarku tun kafin lokaci ba, tana tabbatar da kowace amsa a kan sabar, kuma a can take lissafa maki ma. Hakan yana kiyaye gaskiyar teburin gwaraza kuma yana hana a kwashe abubuwan a sake wallafa su ba tare da tushensu ba. Amana ba ta tsaya ga abin da muka sa kawai ba; tana kuma nufin kare shi bayan ya shiga.
Koyaushe a buɗe muke ga gyara
Mu 'yan Adam ne, kuma rumbun babba ne. Idan kuka ga wani abu da kuke ganin an yi kuskure wajen auna darajarsa ko wajen jingina shi, ku gaya mana. Gyare-gyaren inganci su ne abin da muka fi gaggauta ɗaukar mataki a kai, kuma kuskuren da aka tabbatar ana gyara shi a Turanci, Larabci da kowace fassara lokaci guda. Wannan madauki na ra'ayoyi wani ɓangare ne na tsarin, ba abin da aka tuna da shi daga baya ba.
Tushe
Nassoshin Alƙur'ani suna buɗe ayar a quran.com, nassoshin hadisi kuma suna buɗe ruwayar a sunnah.com, inda za ku iya karanta cikakken rubutun. Malaman hadisi sun karɓi ruwayoyin da ke cikin Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim a matsayin ingantattu; ga sauran littattafai, an ba da darajar hadisin a gefen nassin.
- Alƙur'ani 17:36: kada ku bi abin da ba ku da ilimi a kansa.
- Alƙur'ani 49:6: ku tabbatar da labari kafin ku yi aiki da shi.
- Alƙur'ani 16:69: zuma, wadda a cikinta akwai waraka ga mutane.
- Alƙur'ani 78:6–7, 55:19–20 da 51:47: duwatsu a matsayin turaku, shamaki tsakanin teku biyu, da sama mai faɗaɗa.
- Alƙur'ani 23:12–14: matakan halittar ɗan Adam.
- Alƙur'ani 18:71–82 da 12:41–42: Musa da al-Khiḍr; Yusufu da mafarkin mai shayarwar sarki.
- Sunan Abī Dāwūd 4992 (al-Albānī ya ce ṣaḥīḥ ne): “ya isa mutum ƙarya ya riƙa faɗin duk abin da ya ji”.
- Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 110: gargaɗi game da yi wa Annabi ﷺ ƙarya.
- Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2699: hanyar zuwa Aljanna da ake sauƙaƙa wa duk wanda yake neman ilimi.
- Sunan an-Nasāʾī 3104 (an ce ḥasan ṣaḥīḥ ne): “ka zauna tare da ita, domin Aljanna tana ƙarƙashin ƙafafunta”.
- Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2024: hani game da shan ruwa a tsaye.
- Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2361, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2362 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2363: barbaɗar dabino.
- Jull A.B., Cullum N., Dumville J.C. et al. (2015). Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
- Bigliardi S. (2017). The “scientific miracle of the Qur’ān,” pseudoscience, and conspiracism. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science.