Ramadan 2027 (1448 H): kwanakin da ake sa rai da yadda kalandar Musulunci take aiki

Kowace shekara wani yakan yi tambaya iri ɗaya a rukunin hirar iyali: “To yaushe ne Ramadan zai fara?” Amsar gaskiya ita ce “wataƙila a wannan rana, mai yiwuwa a washegari”, kuma da zarar kun fahimci dalilin, rashin tabbacin zai daina zama kamar ruɗani ya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin da Allah ya ba watan.

A ƙasa akwai kwanakin da ake sa rai na Ramadan 1448, wanda zai faɗa a farkon 2027, an nuna su a fili a matsayin ƙiyasi. Bayan haka: dalilin da yasa wata yake da kwana 29 ko 30, dalilin da yasa Ramadan yake zagaya yanayin shekara, dalilin da yasa ƙasashe wani lokaci suke farawa da bambancin kwana ɗaya, lokacin neman Lailatul Ƙadari, da shiri mai sauƙi na watan da ke gabaninsa.

Kwanakin da ake sa rai na Ramadan 1448 (ƙiyasi)

Waɗannan kwanaki sun fito ne daga kalandar Umm al-Qura, kalandar farar hula ta Saudiyya da aka lissafa, an kuma kwatanta su da teburin sabbin watanni na ilimin taurari na NASA na Fabrairu da Maris 2027. Masallacin unguwarku ko hukumar ƙasarku ce ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe, kuma canjin kwana ɗaya abu ne na yau da kullum. Za mu sabunta wannan shafi da tabbatattun kwanakin da zarar an sanar da ganin wata.

• Farkon Ramadan: kalandar Umm al-Qura ta sanya 1 ga Ramadan 1448 a ranar Litinin 8 ga Fabrairu 2027. Sabon wata na ilimin taurari yana faɗawa a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu da misalin ƙarfe 15:56 UTC. A yammacin 7 ga Fabrairu jinjirin watan zai kasance ƙarami kuma za a iya ganinsa ne kawai daga wasu yankuna; zuwa yammacin washegari ya kamata ya kasance mai sauƙin gani kusan ko'ina. Don haka al'ummomin da suke jiran nasu ganin wata za su iya farawa a ranar Talata 9 ga Fabrairu.
• Tarawihi na farko da sahur na farko: ranar Musulunci tana farawa ne da faɗuwar rana, don haka idan an fara a 8 ga Fabrairu, tarawihi na farko yana a yammacin Lahadi, 7 ga Fabrairu, sahur na farko kuma kafin alfijir a ranar Litinin.
• Ƙaramar Sallah: kalandar Umm al-Qura ta ba da kwanaki 29 na azumi da Ƙaramar Sallah a ranar Talata 9 ga Maris 2027. Sabon wata na gaba yana faɗawa a ranar 8 ga Maris da misalin ƙarfe 09:29 UTC, don haka a wannan yammacin jinjirin watan zai kasance yana da 'yan sa'o'i ne kawai kuma zai yi wuyar gani sosai. Inda ake buƙatar ganin wata a gida, da alama Ramadan zai cika kwana talatin, da Ƙaramar Sallah a ranar Laraba 10 ga Maris.

Hatta Saudiyya ba ta bin kalandarta da aka buga kawai don Ramadan da Ƙaramar Sallah. Tana sanar da su ne bayan ta duba rahotannin ganin wata, don haka farawar hukuma a can ma na iya canzawa da kwana ɗaya.

Yadda kalandar Hijira take aiki

Kalandar Musulunci ta wata ce zalla. Tana da watanni goma sha biyu, kamar yadda Alƙur'ani ya faɗa: “Lalle adadin watanni a wurin Allah watanni goma sha biyu ne a cikin littafin Allah tun ranar da Ya halicci sammai da ƙasa” (Alƙur'ani 9:36). Kowane wata yana farawa ne da sabon jinjirin wata, siririn yanki na wata da ke bayyana ƙasa a yamma jim kaɗan bayan faɗuwar rana, kwana ɗaya ko biyu bayan sabon wata na ilimin taurari.

Watan wata yana ɗaukar kusan kwana 29.5, don haka wata koyaushe yana da kwana 29 ko 30. Annabi ﷺ ya nuna haka da hannayensa: ya bayyana watan da cewa “kamar haka da haka”, yana nufin wani lokaci kwana 29 wani lokaci kuma 30 (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1913, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1080). Irin waɗannan watanni goma sha biyu suna yin shekara mai kwana kusan 354 ko 355, wajen kwana goma sha ɗaya ƙasa da shekarar rana.

Wannan bambancin ne yasa Ramadan yake zuwa kusan kwana goma sha ɗaya da wuri kowace shekara. Ya fara a tsakiyar Fabrairu a 2026, ana sa ran sa a 8 ga Fabrairu a 2027, kuma ana sa ran sa a ƙarshen Janairu a 2028. A cikin kusan shekaru 33 yana wucewa ta kowane yanayi na shekara, don haka kowane zamani yana azumtar dogayen ranakun bazara da gajerun ranakun sanyi.

Ƙarin bayanai biyu suna taimakawa. Ranar Musulunci tana farawa ne da faɗuwar rana, don haka “daren” wata rana yana zuwa kafin yininta. Kuma ana ƙirga shekaru ne daga Hijira, ƙaurar Annabi ﷺ daga Makka zuwa Madina. Shekarar 1448 H ta fara a tsakiyar Yuni 2026.

“Ku yi azumi idan kun gan shi”: ƙa'idar ganin wata

Alƙur'ani ya haɗa azumi da watan kansa:

Annabi ﷺ ya bayyana hanyar a fili: “Ku yi azumi idan kun gan shi, ku kuma ajiye azumi idan kun gan shi. Idan aka ɓoye muku shi, ku cika kwana talatin na Sha'aban” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1909; duba kuma Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1081). Don haka mutane suna neman jinjirin wata bayan faɗuwar rana a ranar 29 ga Sha'aban. Idan aka gan shi kuma aka karɓi ganin, washegari shi ne 1 ga Ramadan; idan ba haka ba, Sha'aban yana cika kwana talatin. Irin wannan dubawa a ranar 29 ga Ramadan ce ke ƙayyade Ƙaramar Sallah.

Akwai rahama a cikin sauƙin wannan. Babu wanda yake buƙatar cibiyar kallon taurari: kowa zai iya bin umarnin ta hanyar kallon sama, kuma har ma ya faɗi abin da za a yi idan gajimare ya ɓoye wata.

Ganin wata ko lissafi: dalilin da yasa ƙasashe ke bambanta

Idan ƙa'idar tana da sauƙi haka, me yasa Musulmi wani lokaci suke farawa a ranaku daban-daban? Tambayar ba ko a bi wata ba ce, a'a ganin wane ne ake karɓa da kuma wane matsayi ilimin taurari zai taka, kuma ta tsufa kamar zamanin Sahabbai. Kurayb ya ga sabon watan Ramadan a Sham a daren Juma'a sannan daga baya ya gaya wa Ibn ʿAbbās a Madina, wanda ya gan shi a daren Asabar. Ibn ʿAbbās ya tsaya kan ƙidayar Madina. Da Kurayb ya tambaya ko ganin Muʿāwiyah bai isa ba, ya amsa cewa haka Annabi ﷺ ya umarce su (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1087).

Malamai sun fahimci wannan ruwaya da sauran hujjoji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Manyan ra'ayoyin su ne:

• Ganin wata na gida: yankuna masu bambancin sararin sama kowanne yana bin nasa ganin wata. Wannan shi ne sanannen ra'ayin malaman Shafi'iyya da yawa, wanda ake yawan goya masa baya da ruwayar Kurayb.
• Ganin wata da labarinsa ya iso muku: malaman Hanafiyya, Malikiyya da Hanbaliyya na da da yawa sun ga cewa tabbataccen ganin wata a wani wuri yana aiki ga waɗanda labarin ya isa gare su. Shi ya sa wasu al'ummomi a yau suke bin sanarwar Saudiyya ko ta wata ƙasa.
• Lissafin ilimin taurari: wasu hukumomi, kamar Diyanet na Turkiyya da Fiqh Council of North America, suna wallafa kwanaki tun da wuri ta amfani da ma'aunan ilimin taurari. Malamai da yawa kuma suna karɓar lissafi ne kawai don ƙin da'awar ganin wata da ba zai yiwu ba a ilimin taurari, yayin da suke ci gaba da buƙatar ganin wata na gaske don fara watan.

Kowane ra'ayi mutane masu gaskiya da ilimi ne suke riƙe da shi. Malamai da yawa suna ba da shawarar bin al'ummar da kuke zaune a cikinta, don iyalai da masallatai su yi azumi da biki tare. Idan ba ku da tabbas, ku tambayi malamin da kuka amince da shi.

Bambancin kwana ɗaya ba tsagewa ba ce a cikin al'umma. Wata ɗaya ne, ana ganinsa daga sararin sama daban-daban.

Lailatul Ƙadari: darare masu mara na goman ƙarshe

Dare mafi daraja na shekara yana cikin Ramadan, kuma an ɓoye ainihin ranarsa da gangan.

Annabi ﷺ ya ce: “Ku nemi Lailatul Ƙadari a darare masu mara na kwanaki goma na ƙarshen Ramadan” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 2017). ʿĀʾishah ta bayyana cewa idan goman ƙarshe suka shiga, yakan raya dare, ya tashi iyalinsa, ya kuma ƙara ƙoƙari a ibada fiye da kowane lokaci (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 2024; Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1174, 1175). Ya kuma ce duk wanda ya tsaya sallah a Lailatul Ƙadari saboda imani da neman lada za a gafarta masa zunubansa da suka gabata (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1901).

Ku tuna cewa kowane dare yana farawa ne da faɗuwar rana. Idan Ramadan 1448 ya fara a ranar Litinin 8 ga Fabrairu, darare masu mara suna farawa da faɗuwar rana a ranakun:

• Dare na 21 — Asabar 27 ga Fabrairu
• Dare na 23 — Litinin 1 ga Maris
• Dare na 25 — Laraba 3 ga Maris
• Dare na 27 — Juma'a 5 ga Maris
• Dare na 29 — Lahadi 7 ga Maris

Idan al'ummarku ta fara a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, ku matsar da kowanne kwana ɗaya gaba. Tun da farawar wurare tana bambanta, mutane da yawa kawai suna ƙara ƙoƙari a dukkan darare goma. Ƙaramin aiki ɗaya da za ku iya dorewa a kansa kowane dare, kamar ƙarin raka'a biyu ko 'yan mintuna na addu'a kafin sahur, ya fi muku amfani fiye da babban ƙoƙari a dare ɗaya da za ku iya rasawa.

Isha a Ramadan bisa jadawalin Umm al-Qura

Wani bayani yana ba masu bin lokutan sallar Saudiyya mamaki. A yawancin shekara jadawalin Umm al-Qura yana sanya Isha minti 90 ƙayyadadde bayan Magariba; a lokacin Ramadan yana sanya ta minti 120 bayan Magariba. A aikace hakan yana ba da ƙarin lokaci tsakanin buɗa baki da Isha da tarawihi.

Wannan al'adar jadawali ce, ba sabuwar ƙa'ida game da lokacin da Isha take farawa ba: malamai suna ƙayyade hakan ne da dushewar shafaƙi. Hanyoyi kamar Egyptian General Authority ko Muslim World League suna lissafa Isha daga kusurwar rana a ƙasa da sararin sama, don haka ba sa canzawa a Ramadan. Jagorarmu kan yadda ake lissafa lokutan sallah tana bayyana waɗannan kusurwoyi da dalilin da yasa manhajoji wani lokaci suke saɓani.

Idan kuna amfani da Awwab tare da hanyar Umm al-Qura, manhajar tana matsar da Isha zuwa minti 120 bayan Magariba a ranakun da kalandarta ta Umm al-Qura ta nuna a matsayin Ramadan, sannan ta mayar da ita minti 90 bayan haka. Sauran hanyoyi goma ba a canza su.

Amfani da Sha'aban don shiri

Ramadan yana tafiya da kyau idan bai zo a matsayin abin firgita ba, kuma Sha'aban, watan da ke gabaninsa, shi ne lokacin shiri na ɗabi'a. ʿĀʾishah ta ce ba ta taɓa ganin Annabi ﷺ ya azumci wata cikakke ba sai Ramadan, kuma ba ta taɓa ganinsa ya fi yin azumi a wani wata fiye da Sha'aban ba (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1969). Ana sa ran Sha'aban 1448 zai fara kusan 9 ga Janairu 2027, wanda zai ba ku kusan makonni huɗu. Hanya ɗaya mai sauƙi ta amfani da su:

1. Ku fara ramuwar azumin da kuka rasa. Idan kuna da bashin kwanaki daga Ramadan da ya gabata, Sha'aban ita ce damarku ta ƙarshe kafin na gaba. ʿĀʾishah kanta takan rama kwanakin da ta rasa a Sha'aban (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1950, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1146).
2. Ku ƙara 'yan azumin nafila. Litinin ko Alhamis suna ba jikinku damar gwadawa. Amma kada ku yi azumin kwana ɗaya ko biyu kafin Ramadan a matsayin “taka-tsantsan”: Annabi ﷺ ya hana mutane yin haka, sai dai idan azumi ne da suka saba yi a kai a kai (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1914, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1082).
3. Ku riƙa kwanciya da wuri. Sahur da sallar dare suna da sauƙi idan kuna tashi kafin Asuba tuni. Ku matsar da lokacin kwanciya da minti goma sha biyar a kowane mako.
4. Ku tsara karatun Alƙur'aninku. Mushafi na yau da kullum yana da kusan shafuka 604, don haka juzu'i ɗaya (kusan shafuka ashirin) a rana yana sauke shi cikin kwana talatin. Idan hakan ya yi yawa, ku zaɓi ƙaramin buri ku riƙe shi.
5. Ku gyara halayen sallarku yanzu. Jagorarmu kan kiyaye salloli biyar na kowace rana tana da matakai masu amfani da za ku iya farawa daren yau.

Yana kuma taimakawa a ciyar da zuciya kafin watan ya fara. Koyon ma'anar wasu daga cikin Sunayen Allah 99, ko ba da mintuna biyar a rana ga wasan Ilimi ko Katunan Shiriya, na iya sa ayoyin da kuke ji a tarawihi su zama sanannu maimakon nesa.

Tambayoyin da aka fi yi

Tushe

Nassoshin Alƙur'ani suna buɗe ayar a quran.com, nassoshin hadisi kuma suna buɗe ruwayar a sunnah.com, inda za ku iya karanta cikakken rubutun. Malaman hadisi sun karɓi ruwayoyin da ke cikin Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim a matsayin ingantattu; ga sauran littattafai, an ba da darajar hadisin a gefen nassin.

1. Alƙur'ani 9:36: watanni goma sha biyu a wurin Allah.
2. Alƙur'ani 2:189: jinjirin watanni a matsayin ma'aunin lokaci.
3. Alƙur'ani 2:185: watan Ramadan da umarnin azumtarsa.
4. Alƙur'ani 97:1–3: Daren Ƙaddara.
5. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1913 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1080: wata wani lokaci kwana 29 ne wani lokaci kuma 30.
6. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1909 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1081: ku yi azumi idan kun gan shi, ku cika talatin idan an ɓoye shi.
7. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1087: ruwayar Kurayb da Ibn ʿAbbās.
8. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 2017: ku nemi Lailatul Ƙadari a darare masu mara na goman ƙarshe.
9. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 2024, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1174 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1175: ƙoƙarin Annabi ﷺ a darare goma na ƙarshe.
10. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1901: tsayuwar sallah a Lailatul Ƙadari saboda imani da neman lada.
11. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1969: yawaita azumi a Sha'aban.
12. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1950 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1146: ʿĀʾishah tana ramuwar azuminta a Sha'aban.
13. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1914 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1082: rashin yin azumi kwana ɗaya ko biyu kafin Ramadan.
14. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Phases of the Moon 2001–2100, sabbin watannin 6 ga Fabrairu da 8 ga Maris 2027.
15. Kalandar Umm al-Qura (shafin hukuma), kalandar farar hula ta Saudiyya da aka lissafa.
16. Adhan prayer-time library, calculation methods guide, tazarar Isha ta minti 90 ta Umm al-Qura da gyaranta a Ramadan.