Nemo alƙibla a ko'ina: jagora mai amfani

Yawancinmu mun taɓa tsayawa a cikin ɗakin da ba mu saba da shi ba, darduma a hannu, muna tunanin wane bango za mu fuskanta: otal, gidan aboki, wani lungu a filin jirgin sama. Sau biyar a rana, Musulmi a ko'ina suna juyawa zuwa ga wani ƙaramin gini guda a Makka cikin bautar Allah, kuma kowannenmu dole ne ya gano inda yake daga duk inda yake tsaye.

A ƙasa za ku sami ranar da alƙibla ta canza, lissafin siffofi da ke ba mutane da yawa mamaki, yadda za a sa kamfas na waya ya zama amintacce, tsoffin hanyoyin da ba sa buƙatar waya, da abin da za a yi idan da gaske ba ku da tabbas, har da a cikin jirgin sama.

Ranar da alƙibla ta canza

Ba koyaushe Musulmi suke fuskantar Makka ba. Bayan Hijira, Annabi ﷺ da Sahabbansa a Madina sun yi sallah suna fuskantar Baitul Maƙdis a Ƙudus tsawon watanni goma sha shida ko goma sha bakwai, ko da yake yana son ya fuskanci Ka'aba (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 399, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 525). Sai umarni ya zo:

Sallar farko da Annabi ﷺ ya jagoranta yana fuskantar Ka'aba ita ce La'asar. Wani mutum da ya yi ta tare da shi ya wuce wani masallaci inda mutane suke ruku'u suna fuskantar Ƙudus, ya gaya musu, sai suka juya zuwa Ka'aba a inda suke tsaye (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 40). Washegari labarin ya isa Ƙuba'u a lokacin sallar Asuba, kuma wannan jama'a ma ta juya a tsakiyar sallah (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 403, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 526).

Ayoyin da ke kewaye, Alƙur'ani 2:142–150, suna amsa waɗanda suka yi suka, “Gabas da yamma na Allah ne” (2:142), kuma suna kwantar da hankalin muminai da suka damu game da sallolin da suka riga suka yi: “Kuma Allah ba zai taɓa tozarta imaninku ba” (2:143). Ibrahim da Isma'ila (aminci ya tabbata a gare su) ne suka ɗaga Ɗakin kansa (Alƙur'ani 2:127), waɗanda za ku iya sanin su a cikin jagorar annabawa 25.

Akwai darussa biyu a cikin wannan labari. Fuskantar alƙibla aikin biyayya ne, ba imani ba ne cewa Allah yana zaune a cikin wani gini. Kuma Sahabbai sun yi aiki da ilimin da suke da shi: sallolinsu zuwa Ƙudus sun yi daidai, kuma da suka ji labarin canjin, sai kawai suka juya.

Dalilin da yasa Arewacin Amurka ke fuskantar arewa maso gabas

Ga ɓangaren da ke ba mutane mamaki. Ku ja layi madaidaici daga New York zuwa Makka a kan taswirar duniya mai faɗi, za ku ga yana nuna ɗan ƙasa da gabas, kusan 101° daga arewa. Duk da haka alƙibla daga New York kusan 58° ce, arewa maso gabas. Layukan biyu duka suna haɗa birane biyu iri ɗaya; ɗaya ne kawai daidai.

Duniya mai kewaya ce, taswirori masu faɗi kuma ba haka suke ba. A kan sanannen taswirar Mercator, layi madaidaici yana riƙe da alƙiblar kamfas guda ɗaya, wadda ba ita ce hanya mafi gajarta ba. Hanya mafi gajarta a kan ƙwallo ita ce babban da'ira (great circle), hanyar da jiragen sama masu dogon zango suke bi. Daga Arewacin Amurka tana lanƙwasa sama ta kan Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa sannan ta sauko ta Turai, don haka kuna farawa kuna fuskantar arewa maso gabas. Lissafin alƙibla yana amfani da wannan alƙiblar. Wasu misalai, a digiri bisa hanyar agogo daga ainihin arewa:

• New York — kusan 58°, arewa maso gabas
• Chicago — kusan 49°, arewa maso gabas
• Los Angeles — kusan 24°, arewa, ɗan karkata zuwa gabas
• London — kusan 119°, gabas, ɗan karkata zuwa kudu
• Jakarta — kusan 295°, yamma, ɗan karkata zuwa arewa
• Sydney — kusan 277°, ɗan sama da yamma zuwa arewa

Ba koyaushe wannan ya kasance a fili ba. An shirya wasu tsoffin ɗakunan sallah a Arewacin Amurka suna fuskantar kudu maso gabas, kuma al'umma ta yi muhawara mai zurfi kan tambayar kafin arewa maso gabas ta zama abin da aka fi karɓa. Idan layukan kafet a wani tsohon gini sun yi kamar ba daidai ba, wannan tarihin na iya zama dalili; magana cikin girmamawa da kwamitin masallaci ta fi yin sallah a ɓoye a wata kusurwa daban.

Yadda kamfas na waya yake aiki, da yadda za a amince da shi

Na'urar maganadisu ta wayarku (magnetometer) tana jin filin maganadisu na duniya, wanda ke ba da arewa ta maganadisu. Ana auna alƙiblar Ka'aba daga arewa ta gaskiya, wato hanyar Arewacin Duniya (North Pole). Tazarar da ke tsakanin su biyun, wadda ake kira karkatar maganadisu (magnetic declination), ta dogara ga inda kuke, tana canzawa a hankali bayan shekaru, kuma takan wuce digiri 10 a wasu sassan Arewacin Amurka (World Magnetic Model na NOAA yana bin diddiginta). Kyakkyawar manhajar kamfas tana amfani da wurinku don gyara ta.

Babbar matsalar yau da kullum ita ce tsangwama. Na'urar ba za ta iya bambance filin duniya da murfin waya mai maganadisu, ko abin riƙe waya a mota, ko caja mara waya, ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, ko lasifika ko ƙarfen da ke cikin tebur ba, kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yana iya karkatar da karatun da digiri da yawa. Kafin ku amince da shi:

1. Ku cire duk wani murfi ko jaka mai maganadisu, ku kuma nisanta daga kwamfutoci, lasifikai da kayan ɗaki na ƙarfe.
2. Ku daidaita kamfas ɗin ta hanyar motsa wayar a hankali kamar siffar lamba takwas (8) sau kaɗan.
3. Ku riƙe wayar a kwance kuma a daidaice, ku bari karatun ya natsu.
4. Ku ba da izinin wuri (location), don manhajar ta yi amfani da arewa ta gaskiya.
5. Ku sake dubawa sau ɗaya da wata na'ura ta biyu, ko taswirar tauraron ɗan Adam ta titinku, ko masallaci mafi kusa.

Mun gina kamfas na alƙibla a cikin Awwab a kan waɗannan matakai: yana aiki daga arewa ta gaskiya ta amfani da wurinku, yana neman ku daidaita shi idan karatun ya yi kamar ba za a amince da shi ba, kuma yana nuna alƙiblar Ka'aba a digiri don ku sake dubawa. Kowace manhaja kuke amfani da ita, wannan saurin sake dubawa shi ne al'adar da ta cancanci a riƙe.

Nemo alƙibla ba tare da waya ba

Masallacin unguwa. Mihrabi (lungun da ke bangon gaba) da sahun sallah suna nuna alƙiblar da al'umma ta amince da ita. A sabon gari, ku lura da inda masallaci mafi kusa yake fuskanta idan aka kwatanta da babban titi, ku riƙe wannan alƙiblar ku tafi da ita. A ƙasashe da yawa masu rinjayen Musulmi, ɗakunan otal suna da ƙaramar kibiyar alƙibla a rufin ɗaki ko a cikin aljihun tebur.

Rana da tsakar rana. A arewacin duniya, a wajen yankin zafi (tropics), rana a mafi tsayinta tana daidai kudu, don haka inuwar da take yi a lokacin tana nuna daidai arewa (akasin haka a kudancin duniya). Daga arewa, ku juya gwargwadon alƙiblar garinku: kusan 119° a London, kusan 58° a New York.

Kwana biyu a shekara, rana tana nuna Ka'aba kai tsaye. Kusan 27–28 ga Mayu da misalin ƙarfe 12:18 agogon Makka (09:18 UTC), da kusan 15–16 ga Yuli da misalin ƙarfe 12:27 agogon Makka (09:27 UTC), rana tana tsaye kusan daidai a saman Makka. A wannan lokacin, duk inda rana ta fito, inuwar sanda a tsaye tana nuna akasin inda Ka'aba take, don haka fuskantar ɗaya ɓangaren shi ne fuskantar alƙibla. Mutane da yawa suna amfani da waɗannan kwanaki don duba alƙiblar gida ko masallaci. Mintin yana ɗan canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara; na'urar lissafin rana ta NOAA tana nuna inda rana take a kowace rana.

Sararin sama da dare. A arewacin duniya, Polaris, Tauraron Arewa, yana cikin kusan digiri ɗaya daga arewa ta gaskiya.

Allah yana neman ƙoƙarinku na gaskiya ne, ba daidaiton mai auna ƙasa ba.

Idan da gaske ba ku da tabbas

Wani lokaci babu masallaci, sararin sama ya yi gajimare, wayar kuma ta mutu. Alƙur'ani ya ce “Allah ba ya ɗora wa rai sai abin da ke cikin ikonta” (2:286) da “Don haka ku ji tsoron Allah gwargwadon ikonku” (64:16). Annabi ﷺ ya ce: “Idan na umarce ku da wani abu, ku yi abin da kuka iya daga cikinsa” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 7288, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1337).

Malamai suna amfani da wannan ga alƙibla ta hanyar ijtihadi (ƙoƙari na tunani mai hujja): idan babu masani da za a tambaya, kuna auna mafi kyawun alamomi, ku yanke shawara kan wata alƙibla, ku yi sallah. Bayan haka:

• Wanda yake ganin Ka'aba dole ne ya fuskance ta daidai. Ga kowa kuma, mazhabobin Hanafiyya, Malikiyya da Hanbaliyya suna ganin fuskantar sashenta gaba ɗaya ya isa, yayin da mazhabar Shafi'iyya take neman ku nufi Ka'aba kanta gwargwadon kimantawarku mafi kyau. Malamai da yawa suna kawo hadisin “Abin da ke tsakanin gabas da yamma alƙibla ne” (Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhī 342, al-Albānī ya ce ṣaḥīḥ ne), wanda suka bayyana cewa an faɗe shi ne ga mutanen Madina, waɗanda suke fuskantar kudu.
• Idan kun gano kuskure a cikin sallah, ku juya ku ci gaba, kamar yadda mutanen Ƙuba'u suka yi.
• Idan kun gano shi daga baya, bayan kun yi ƙoƙari na gaske, mazhabobin Hanafiyya, Malikiyya da Hanbaliyya suna ganin sallar ta yi, ko da yake Malikiyya suna ba da shawarar a maimaita ta a cikin lokacinta. Ra'ayin Shafi'iyya da ya fi shahara shi ne a maimaita ta da zarar an tabbatar da kuskuren.
• Idan ba ku yi wani ƙoƙari ba alhali da sauƙi za ku iya dubawa, malamai da yawa sun ce ya kamata a maimaita sallar idan ta yi kuskure.

Waɗannan taƙaitawa ne, ba fatawa ba, don haka ku tambayi malamin da kuka amince da shi game da halinku. Abin da suka haɗu a kai shi ne rahama: ku ne ke da alhakin ƙoƙari, kuma Allah ya san kun yi ƙoƙari.

Jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa da doguwar tuƙi

Sallolin nafila su ne mafi sauƙi. Jābir ya ruwaito cewa Annabi ﷺ yakan yi sallolin nafila a kan abin hawansa zuwa duk inda ya juya (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 400), kuma Ibn ʿUmar ya ce ayar “Duk inda kuka juya, a can Fuskar Allah take” (Alƙur'ani 2:115) ta sauka ne game da wannan (Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 700). Anas ya ruwaito cewa a cikin tafiye-tafiye Annabi ﷺ yakan juya raƙuminsa zuwa alƙibla don kabbarar harama, sannan ya yi sallah zuwa duk inda raƙumin ya nufa (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 1225, al-Albānī ya ce ḥasan ne). A cikin jirgin ƙasa ko a kujerar mota, kuna iya yin haka.

Salloli na farilla suna buƙatar ƙarin kulawa: a cikin wannan ruwaya, Jābir ya ce don sallar farilla Annabi ﷺ yakan sauka ya fuskanci alƙibla. Don haka ku fara tsarawa:

• Ku yi sallah kafin ku hau jirgi ko bayan ya sauka idan lokacin sallar ya ba da dama. Ku duba lokutan a filayen jirgin sama biyun, kuma ku tuna cewa hanyoyin lissafi daban-daban na iya canza su da 'yan mintuna.
• Yawancin mazhabobi suna ba matafiya damar haɗa salloli (jam'i: Azahar da La'asar, Magariba da Isha). Mazhabar Hanafiyya tana ba da damar hakan ne kawai a Arafa da Muzdalifa lokacin aikin Hajji. Ga masu bin ra'ayin mafi yawa, haɗa sallolin sau da yawa yana hana buƙatar yin sallah a cikin jirgi kwata-kwata.
• Idan lokacin zai ƙare kuna sama, yawancin malaman zamani sun ce ku yi sallah a cikin jirgin. Idan ma'aikatan jirgin sun yarda, ku tsaya a ɗakin shirya abinci (galley) kuna fuskantar alƙibla, kuna amfani da taswirar da ke bayan kujera don sanin inda jirgin ya nufa. Idan ba za ku iya tsayuwa ba, ku yi sallah a zaune, kuna bin maganar Annabi ﷺ ga wani mara lafiya: “Ka yi sallah a tsaye, idan ba za ka iya ba, to a zaune” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1117).

Malamai sun saɓa kan ko sallar farilla da aka yi a zaune, ko ba tare da fuskantar alƙibla ba, dole ne a maimaita ta bayan sauka, don haka ku koyi matsayin mazhabarku kafin ku tashi. Jagorarmu kan kiyaye salloli biyar tana da ƙarin bayani kan halayen da ke jure kwanakin tafiya.

Tambayoyin da aka fi yi

Tushe

Nassoshin Alƙur'ani suna buɗe ayar a quran.com, nassoshin hadisi kuma suna buɗe ruwayar a sunnah.com, inda za ku iya karanta cikakken rubutun. Malaman hadisi sun karɓi ruwayoyin da ke cikin Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim a matsayin ingantattu; ga sauran littattafai, an ba da darajar hadisin a gefen nassin.

1. Alƙur'ani 2:144: umarnin juyawa zuwa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām.
2. Alƙur'ani 2:142–150: ayoyin canjin alƙibla, ciki har da 2:142 da 2:143.
3. Alƙur'ani 2:127: Ibrahim da Isma'ila suna ɗaga harsashin Ɗakin.
4. Alƙur'ani 2:115: “duk inda kuka juya, a can Fuskar Allah take”.
5. Alƙur'ani 2:286 da 64:16: ba a ɗora wa wani rai abin da ya fi ikonsa.
6. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 399 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 525: yin sallah zuwa Ƙudus tsawon watanni goma sha shida ko goma sha bakwai.
7. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 40: sallar farko zuwa Ka'aba, da masallacin da ya juya a tsakiyar sallah.
8. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 403 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 526: mutanen Ƙuba'u sun juya a lokacin sallar Asuba.
9. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 7288 da Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 1337: “ku yi abin da kuka iya daga cikinsa”.
10. Jāmiʿ at-Tirmidhī 342 (al-Albānī ya ce ṣaḥīḥ ne): “abin da ke tsakanin gabas da yamma alƙibla ne”.
11. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 400: sallolin nafila a kan abin hawa, da sauka don sallar farilla.
12. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 700: Ibn ʿUmar kan dalilin saukar 2:115.
13. Sunan Abī Dāwūd 1225 (al-Albānī ya ce ḥasan ne): fuskantar alƙibla don kabbarar harama a tafiya.
14. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 1117: “ka yi sallah a tsaye, idan ba za ka iya ba, to a zaune”.
15. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, World Magnetic Model, tsarin da ke bayan ƙimar karkatar maganadisu.
16. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Solar Calculator, matsayin rana a kowane wuri da kowace rana.